National Hero of Indonesia
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Background
The tradition of officially naming people Indonesian National Heroes began in the time of President Sukarno. The first person awarded the title was Abdul Muis via Presidential Decision No. 218/1959 issued on 30 August 1959. With seven new National Heroes in November 2011, the total number was 156[1]There are four types of National Hero:[2]
- National Independence Hero: the term used during the administration of President Sukarno
- National Hero: used since the beginning of President Suharto's administration
- Proclamation Hero: awarded to Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who proclaimed Indonesian independence
- Heroes of the Revolution: awarded to people killed by the 30 September Movement in 1965
Criteria
The first set of criteria for a national hero was set out in Presidential Decision No. 241/1958. It defined a National Independence Hero as "a person who throughout his/her life, because of love for the nation did great service or led an organized activity to oppose colonialism in Indonesia, fighting enemies from overseas, or who did great service in the area of politics, statesmanship, socio-economics or culture by fighting for independence and the development of Indonesia". This was refined in 1964 in Presidential Regulation No. 33/1964. This defined a Hero as somebody who died in action or as a result of heroic acts fighting to defend the nation or who although not killed at the time, was proved to have made sacrifices defending the nation and whose subsequent life was unmarred by any actions that detracted from his or hr heroic status. This definition has been used without any major changes since 1964.[3]National Heroes
This is an incomplete list of people who have received the title as of November 2011:[1][3]- Abdul Haris Nasution (1918–2000) War of Independence leader and Armed Forces chief-of-staff
- Abdul Halim (1911–1988) member of the Central Indonesian National Committee and fourth Prime Minister of Indonesia
- Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah alias Hamka (1908–1981), Author, member of Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia, first chairman of Indonesian Ulema Council
- Abdul Muis (1883–1959) writer and nationalist
- Abdul Kadir Raden Tumenggung Setia Pahlawan (1771–1875) Fought against the Dutch colonialists in Kalimantan
- Abdulrachman Saleh, Maj. Gen. TNI. Prof. DR. (1909–1947) killed when his plane was shot down during the War of Independence
- Achmad Ri'fai, Kiai Haji[4]
- Achmad Subardjo (1896–1978) Foreign Minister
- Adam Malik (1917–1984) vice president, UN General Assembly president
- Adnan Kapau Gani (1905–?) fought the Dutch during the War of Independence
- Ageng Titayasa, Sultan (1631–1683) Sultan of Banten, opposed Dutch trade Banten, died in detention
- Agus Salim, K.H. (1884–1954) politician in the early republic
- Agustinus Adisutjipto Maj. Gen. TNI (1916–1947) Indonesian Air Force chief of staff, during the War of Independence
- Ahmad Dahlan, K.H. (1868–1934) mosque preacher
- Ahmad Yani, Jend. TNI. Anm. (1922–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Alimin Prawirodirdjo (1889–1964) politician, member of Budi Utomo, Constituent Assembly
- Amir Hamzah, Tengku (1911–1946) poet, killed in the Indonesian War of Independence
- Ide Anak Agung Gede Agung (1921–1999) politician and minister, delegate at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference
- Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe (1918–1947) Indonesian War of Independence fighter executed in Sulawesi
- Andi Djemma (1901–1965) fought in the Indonesian War of Independence
- Andi Mappanyukki[4] (1885–1967) deposed from his throne by the Dutch for refusing to ally with them
- Andi Sultan Daeng Raja (1894–1957) member of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI), exiled by the Dutch
- Antasari, Prince (1809–1892) Borneo prince, led fight against the Dutch
- Arie Frederik Lasut (1918–1949) geologist, shot by the Dutch for refusing the reveal details of Indonesia's mining operations
- Bagindo Azizchan (1910–1047)Mayor of Padang, fought against the Dutch
- Basuki Rachmat, General TNI (1921–1968) Involved in the Supersemar signing, minister
- Cik Di Tiro, Tengku (1836–1891) led the fight against the Dutch colonial government after it seized control of Aceh
- Cut Nyak Dhien (1850–1908) Continued the fight against the Dutch after the death of her husband Teuku Umar
- Cut Nyak Meutia (1870–1910) Died fighting the Dutch in Aceh
- Dewi Sartika, Raden (1884–1947) promoted education for women
- Diponegoro, Prince (1785–1855) Javanese prince, hero of the Java War
- Djatikusumo, G.P.H (1917–1992) fought in the Indonesian War of Independence
- Djuanda Kartawidjaja (1911–1963) Prime Minister of Indonesia during the PRRI/Permesta rebellions
- Ernest Douwes Dekker (1879–1950) also known as Danudirdja Setiabudi, journalist, activist
- Fakhruddin, H. (1890–1929) Sent to Mecca to improve the treatment of Indonesian pilgrims
- Fatmawati Hj. (1923–1980) Wife of President Sukarno
- Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Dr. (1899–1962) Doctor turned guerrilla, then minister
- Frans Kaisiepo (1921–1979) suggested the name of "Irian" for West Papua, served as governor
- Gatot Soebroto, General (1907–1962) Fought in the War of Independence
- Gatot Mangkoepradja[4] (1898–1968) jailed by the Dutch in 1929, suggested the establishment of the militia that would become the Army of Indonesia
- Halim Perdanakusuma (1922–1947) helped establish the Indonesian Air Force, killed in a plane crash
- Hamengkubuwono IX, Sri Sultan (1912–1988) vice president, sultan and governor of Yogyakarta
- Harun Bin Said, Corporal, alias Tahir (1947–1968) corporal during Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
- Haryono, Lt. Gen.TNI, M.T. (1924–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Hasan Basri H. (1923–1984)
- Sultan Hasanuddin (1631–1670) sultan of Makassar
- Hasyim Asy'ari, K.H. (1875–1947) first president of Nahdatul Ulama
- Hatta, DR. Moh. (1902–1980) prime minister, vice president
- Hazairin, Prof. DR. (1906–1975) minister of internal affairs
- Herman Johannes, (1912–1992) an Indonesian professor, scientist, and politician.
- Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono )1900–1986), served in three cabinets in the 1940s and 1950s
- Ignatius Slamet Rijadi (1927–1951) fought against the occupying Japanese and the Dutch
- Ilham Chalid (1921–2010) Chairman of South Kalimanta Nahdatul Ulama, speaker of People's Representative Council / People's Consultative Assembly 1971–1977
- Ilyas Yacoub, H. (1903–1958) wrote articles protesting the Dutch East Indies, repeatedly exiled and jailed
- Imam Bonjol, Tuanku (1772–1864) wrested control of an area in Sumatra from the Dutch East India Company
- Iskandar Muda, Sultan (1593–1636) Acehnese sultan
- Ismail Marzuki [4] (1914–1958) musician
- Iswahyudi (1918–1947) killed trying to smuggle in arms for the Indonesian Air Force
- Iwa Kusuma Sumantri (1899–1971) founded a newspaper critical of the Dutch East Indies
- Izaac Huru Doko (1913–1985) opposed the establishment of the United States of Indonesia
- Jahja Daniel Dharma (John Lie) (1911–1998) high ranking navy commanders during the Indonesian National Revolution
- Kapitan Pattimura (1783–1817) fought against the Dutch in Maluku
- Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes (1895–1952) Indonesia's first radiologist
- Karel Sasuit Tubun (1923–1965) killed during the 30 September Movement
- Kiras Bangun (1854–1942) fought against the Dutch
- Kartini, Raden Ajeng (1879–1904) fought for women's rights
- Katamso Darmokusumo (1923–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Ketut Jelantik, I Gusti (d. 1849) Indonesia freedom fighter from island of Bali
- I gusti Ketut Pudja (1908–1977), member of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
- Ki Hadjar Dewantara (1889–1959) educator
- Kusumah Atmadja (1898–1952) Allowed pro-independence leaders to meet at his house, served on the Indonesian Supreme Court
- La Maddukelleng (1700–1765) fought against Dutch East India Company ships, mounted an attach on Fort Rotterdam, Makassar
- K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunegoro I (Prince Sambernyawa) (1725–1795) fought against troops of the Dutch East India Company
- Maria Walanda Maramis (1872–1924) established schools for girls
- Martha Christina Tiahahu (1800–1818) teenage freedom fighter
- R.E. Martadinata (1921–1966) Naval chief-of-staff
- Marthen Indey (1912–1986) fought for the integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia
- Maskoen Soemadiredja[4] (1907–1986) campaigned for rights for former freedom fighters
- Mas Mansyur, K.H. (1896–1946) Co-founded the Masyumi Party, died after being jailed by the Dutch
- Moestopo (1913-1986) fought in the War of Independence
- Mohammad Natsir (1908–1993) Central Indonesian National Committee member, Masyumi Party member
- Muwardi, Dr. (1907–1948) doctor, militia member
- Nani Wartabone (1907–1986) declared Indonesian independence in 1942 in Sulawesi, arrested by the Japanese and the Dutch
- Noer Alie (1914–1992) Islamic activist, fought against the Dutch
- Ngurah Rai, Col TNI, I.Gusti (1917–1946) Balinese freedom fighter killed in action during the War of Independence
- Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin (1738–1805) fought against the Dutch in Seram and Tidore
- Nyai Ahmad Dahlan (1872–1946) fought for equal rights for women, wife of Ahmad Dahlan
- Nyak Arif, Teuku (1899–1946) Acehnese freedom fighter
- Nyi Ageng Serang (1752–1828) led guerrilla forces against the Dutch
- Oto Iskandar di Nata, R. (1897–1945) member of Budi Utomo, helped establish the forerunner of the Indonesian Army, minister
- Opo Daeng Risadju (1880–1964) jailed by the Dutch for political activities in Sulawesi
- Pajonga Daeng Ngalle (1901–1958) established and led a milita that attacked the Dutch in Makassar
- Pakubuwono VI, Sri Susuhunan (1807–1849) Refused to surrender his kingdom to the Dutch, died in exile
- Paku Buwono X, Sri Susuhunan (1866–1939), fought the Dutch during the War of Independence
- Donald Izacus Panjaitan (1925–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Pong Tiku alias Ne' Baso (1846–1907) killed fighting the Dutch in Toraja, Sulawesi
- Raja Ali Haji[4] (1808–1873) linguist
- Parman, Lt Gen.TNI. Siswondo (1918–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Pierre Tendean, Captain (1939–1965) killed during the 30 September Movement
- Raden Inten II (1834–1856) fought the Dutch East Indies in Sumatra
- Raden Mas Tirto Adhi Suryo (1880–1918) pioneer journalist
- Raden Panji Soeroso (1893–1981) Sarekat Islam activist, minister
- Raden Mas Surjopranoto (1871–1959) fought for workers' rights
- Raja Haji Fisabilillah (1727–1784) resisted a Dutch naval blockade for 11 months, killed in action
- Ranggong Daeng Romo (1915–1947) militia leader in Sulawesi, killed during the War of Independence
- Rasuna Said, H. (1910–1965) orator, women's rights activist
- Robert Wolter Monginsidi (1925–1949) led attacks during the War of Independence, executed by firing squad
- Sahardjo (1909–1963) human rights minister
- Sam Ratulangi (1890–1949) Minahasa politician
- Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro (1904–1957), Minister of Education and Culture 1949–1950
- Samanhudi (1878–1956) founded the forerunner of the Sarekat Islam
- Silas Papare (1918–1978) campaigned for the integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia
- Sisingamangaradja XII (1849–1907) Batak king, fought the Dutch in Sumatra
- Siti Hartinah, Ny. Hj. Fatimah (1923–1996) wife of Suharto
- Soepomo (1903–1958) made major contribution to the 1945 Constitution
- Soeprapto, Lt. Gen. TNI. (1920–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Sudirman, General (1916–1950) army commander in war of independence
- R. Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto, Col. (1926–1965) killed during the 30 September Movement
- Sugiopranoto (1896–1963) first Indonesian archbishop
- Suharso (1912–1971) doctor, campaigned for the rights of the disabled
- Sukardjo Wiryopranoto (1903–1962) Fought for political rights prior to the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, journalist
- Sukarno, Dr. Ir. (1901–1970) nationalist, first president
- Sultan Agung (1591–1645) Sultan of Mataram
- Sultan Asyaidis Syarif Kasim II (1893–1968) first sultan of Riak to oppose the Dutch East Indies, provided moral and material support to the fight for independence
- Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II (1767–1852) fought against British and Dutch colonialists in Palembang, Sumatra
- Supeno (1916–1949) anti-Dutch guerrilla fighter
- Supriyadi (1923–1945?) led in the rebellion against the Japanese occupiers in Blitar
- Surjo, RM (1895–1948) involved in the Battle of Surabaya, governor of East Java
- Sutan Sjahrir (1909–1966) nationalist, prime minister
- Sutoyo Siswomihardjo, Maj. Gen. TNI (1922–1965) general, killed during the 30 September Movement
- Sutomo, Dr. (born as Subroto)(1888–1938) involved in the establishment of the Budi Utomo political organization
- Sutomo alias Bung Tomo (1920–1981) revolutionary leader in the 1945 Battle of Surabaya
- Syekh Yusuf Tajul Khalwati (1626–1699) Islamic teacher, opposed the Dutch in Banten, exiled to Sri Lanka
- Syafruddin Prawiranegara (1911–1989), leader of Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia
- Tan Malaka (1894–1949) nationalist, Marxist politician
- Teuku Umar (1854–1899) fought against the colonial Dutch government in Aceh
- Teuku Muhammad Hasan (1906–1997), first governor of Sumatra, member of Committee for Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
- Thaha Sjaifuddin (1816–1904) fought against the Dutch in Jambi, Sumatra
- Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin (1894–1941) Fought for the use of the word Indonesia in the Dutch-controlled legislature
- Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo (1886–1943) Co-founded first political party, hosted discussions of nationalists, including Sukarno
- H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto, (1883–1934) leader of Sarekat Islam
- Tuanku Tambusai (1784–1882) fought in the Padri War
- Untung Soerapati (1660–1706) anti-Dutch activist
- Urip Sumohardjo (1893–1948) One of the founding fathers of the Indonesian Army
- Usman bin Haji Mohammad Ali, alias Janatin (1943–1968) military hero of Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
- Wage Rudolf Supratman (1903–1938) composer of the national anthem
- Wahid Hasyim, K.H. Abdul (1914–1953) Co-founded Masyumi Party, led Nahdlatul Ulama, religious affairs minister,
- Wahidin Soedirohoesodo (1852–1917) key figure in the Budi Utomo nationalist movement
- Yamin, Prof. Mohammad (1903–1962) played a key role in drawing up the 1945 Constitution, writer
- Yos Sudarso (1925–1962) deputy naval chief-of-staff, killed in action during the effort off Netherlands New Guinea
- Zainal Moestafa (1907–1944) fought for the rights of Romusha forced workers during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia
- Zainul Arifin (1909–1963) Militia leader, legislature speaker
- Singawangsa (1775–1778) Fought against the Dutch in Java.
See also
References
- Mutiara Sumber Widya (publisher)(1999) Album Pahlawan Bangsa (Album of National Heroes), Jakarta (Indonesian)
- Sudarmanto, Y.B. (1996) Jejak-Jejak Pahlawan dari Sultan Agung hingga Syekh Yusuf (The Footsteps of Heroes from Sultan Agung to Syekh Yusuf), Penerbit Grasindo, Jakarta ISBN 979-553-111-5 (Indonesian)
- Winda, D.A (Ed) (2009) Profil 143 Pahlawan Indonesia (Profiles of 143 Indonesian Heroes), Pustaka Timur, Jakarta, ISBN 979-3837-31-4 (Indonesian)
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